Guide
How to find a YouTube video ID
Thumbnail URLs, oEmbed, and Studio all key off eleven characters. Here is where they hide in every URL people actually paste.
Watch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw — the ID is jNQXAC9IVRw. Extra flags (t=, list=, pp=, si=) come after and are not the ID. Mobile m.youtube.com is the same.
Share (youtu.be)
https://youtu.be/jNQXAC9IVRw — ID is the path. ?si= is share tracking; strip it with the link cleaner.
Shorts
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/jNQXAC9IVRw — ID after /shorts/. Same stills as watch.
Embed and nocookie
https://www.youtube.com/embed/jNQXAC9IVRw and https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/jNQXAC9IVRw — ID after /embed/.
Live
https://www.youtube.com/live/jNQXAC9IVRw — ID after /live/ once the stream has a video object.
Music
music.youtube.com/watch?v= uses the same v= ID. Thumbnails are still on i.ytimg.com.
What is not a video ID
Channel IDs start with UC and are longer. Handles like @name are not IDs. Playlist IDs often start with PL, UU, or LL. If you paste a playlist URL with no v=, there is no still to fetch until you pick a video. The extractor reports a playlist ID when it sees one, but keys thumbnails off the video.
Quick cheatsheet
watch …/watch?v=ID
share youtu.be/ID
shorts …/shorts/ID
embed …/embed/ID
live …/live/ID
music music.youtube.com/watch?v=ID
nocookie youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ID
Paste any of those into the YouTube video ID extractor. Strip si= with the link cleaner when you will store the URL. Then build stills: thumbnail URL format.